Time- and gamer-tested by millions of gamers around the world. Materials can interact with objects or NPCs, such as mud or ice for vehicles to slide/lose traction on. This system is much more flexible than other texture-only systems A material specifies how an object will fracture when broken, what it will sound like when broken or dragged across another surface, and what that object's mass and buoyancy are. Instead of traditional textures, Source defines sets of materials that specify what the object is made from and the texture used for that object. DX8-DX9 hardware supported (DX6-DX9 with modifications and fixed-function shaders). 
Effects include but are not limited to: particles, beams, volumetric smoke, sparks, blood, & environmental effects like fog and rain. Real-time cascaded shadow mapping that comes from the skybox (in all games since ). Subdivision surfaces, diffuse & specular bump maps. Dynamically rendered organics (grass, trees, etc.). 3D Skyboxes extend the horizon and add parallax on distant objects. Occluder entities for visibility blocking. Render-to-texture shadows allow for a large number of characters per scene. Advanced particle systems that can emit sprites or models. Water also supports flow mapping (in all games since ). 
Water with refraction, real-time world reflections and fresnel effects. HDR (in all games since ) and SDR/LDR ( not in and later) lighting. 
Dynamic lights, vertex lighting and lightmaps, many light types including flickering, pulsing etc.Phong is also supported on world brushes (in all games since ).Cubemapping also supports Anisotropy (in all games since ).Bump mapping and Normal mapping on models and the world.
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